Jannach, Leopold (2007)
UMA, Universal Multimedia Access, article de Pereire, Burnett, 2003.
DIA, Digital Item Adaptation, article de Vetro, Timmerer, 2005.
the
MPEG-21 DIA framework.
MPEG-7, Martinez (2002), (c'est monsieur
MPEG-7 lui...)
This paper bring out an extension to the MPEG-21 DIA (the part 7 of the MPEG-21) => avec un mécanisme qui apporte interopérabilité entre les
third-party tools.
Adaptation:
1- user's constraint: terminal capabilities, network bandwith, content preferences => MPEG-21 DIA
2- information about the requested source, actual encoding format for instance, in ordre to determine which sort of adaptation it is required or possible =>
MPEG-7
Un problème est qu'actuellement
MPEG-21 ne dit pas comment le serveur d'adaptation multimédia détermine et effectue les transformation, cette tâche est laissé au
tool vendor.
Pour cela, on a besoin des mécanisme suivant:
1- une représentation pour la description des capacité d'un outil arbitraire (the semantic of performing an adaptation operation, such that automatic construction of adaptation chains become possible).
2- invoke the tools in a standardized form once the adaptation sequence is determine.
3- intégrer ce mécanisme dans MPEG-21.
State Space Planning problem, Bratko (2000), it's a general problem-solving approach (an AI-planning approach).
A planning problem comprises a set of world-altering actions, which are provided by the system.
1. Each action are annotated with a set of preconditions that have to hold when the action should be applied
2. a list of effects when applying the action
3. a list of inputs and outputs (parameters) of the action when it is embeded in a action sequence
PDDL, Planning Domain Description Language, Fox, Lang (2003)
OWL, Harrock & al. (2003)
OWL-S, Martin & al. (2004)
Semantic Web Services, McIlraith, (2001): the main idea of that initiative is to semantically annotate the services that are available on the web with the goal that they can be automatically searched annd accessed by agents.
(=>spécification web services de XEDIX, fédération de bases, UDDI).
The rule langage SWRL (w3c recommandation) Semantic Web Rule Language, Harrocks, Pattek-Schneider (2004)
SWRL est inclus dans OWL-S, c'est la partie contrainte (precondition), par contre OWL-S n'impose rien sur le moteur d'inférence utiliser pour évaluer les contraintes.
However, it would be possible to re-write the parts of the standard in terms of an owl ontology, hunter (2001).
moteur de recherche CORESE, INRIA-ACACIA, et serveur web sémantique SEWESE (gérer les échanges et orchestrer les applications). CORESE est un moteur
RDF basé sur les CG, il utilise SPARQL, un langage de requête
RDF.
Les descriptions OWL-s apportent 3 types de connaissances à propos des services:
1. profile: what the service require from the user
2. process: how the service work?
3. grounding: how can access the service on the technical level (mapping avec WSDL)
WSDL = description de "messaging-capable collection of communication endpoints".
La spécification actuelle de WSDL décrits les bindings pour
SOAP,
HTTP GET/POST,
MIME
WSDL apporte l'information
low-level nécessaire à l'implémentation.
message -> abstract description of the data being exchanged
port type -> abstract collection of operation
binding -> port type + message + protocole
port -> network + address + binding
Service == a collection of related endpoints
The next important step towards bringing more intelligence to the Web can be seen in the development of "Semantic Web Service, McIlraith et al., 2001".
The main idea of that initiative is to semantically annonate the services that are available on the Web with the goal that they can be automatically searched and accessed by agents. In addition, software agents shall also be enabled to execute more complex tasks by combining the different services in an intelligente manner. One example for such an application from the domain of "travel planning" can be found in McIllraith et al. (2001), where an intelligent agent makes a complex travel arrangement on behalf of the user by exploiting several web services like online hotel reservations of flight bookings.
Today, a major obstacle to the successfull implementation of Semantic WS in many domains lies exactly in the problem of etablishing a shared ontology (even for well-understood applications domains like e-Commerce environments, many competing and partially incomptatible pseudo-standards can be found on the market). However, in the application domain of multimedia adaptation services, such a shared ontology is implicitly established by the existing
MPEG standards.
Building distributed multimedia systems with the goal of performing server-side resource adaptation is a research are with a quite long tradition. The main effort in that area for a long time were spent with the problem of coping with the hard real-time constraints when delivering continuous data. These challenges are in many cases mainly tackled with the development of lowlevel stream adaptation algorithms. Only few projects are known that try to exploit the extended metadata annotation available with the
MPEG standards.
ViTooKi, Video ToolKit project, [Schojer et al., 2003], [Boeszoermeny et al., 2003]
http://vitooki.sourceforge.net
Il existe le
MPEG-7 VariationSet Decription Scheme qui apporte des indices sur quand appliquer une adaptation et quel algorithme utiliser.
Ontologies in multimedia and semantic web technology:
- Addis & al. (2003), SCULPTEUR: Multimedia retrieval for Museums
- Kompatsiaris & al. (2004), Multimedia content indexing and retrieval using an ontology object
- Mezaris & al. (2004), Region-based image retrieval using an object ontology and relevance-feedback
- Qu & al. (2004), OREL: An Ontololy-based rights expression language
